World population problems and policies UPSC

The world population has two main problems that are overpopulation and underpopulation. Please refer to CONCEPTS OF THE OVER-UNDER-AND OPTIMUM POPULATION. 

World population policies

As we know, China and  India are the two most populous countries in the world. So in this article, we will be discussing the following population policy:

population policy

India's population policy

During the time, the following population control policies were adopted by India.

• National Family Planning-1951
• New population policy of 1976
• Population policy of  1997
• Population policy of 2000
• Recent population policy of 2017

National family planning of 1952:

 The main aim was to make the optimum population of the country that utilizes all the natural resources. 
Under this policy:

• Free medical facilities were being provided to family planning people
• Awareness was telecasted regarding the benefits of family planning

 In the 1961 census, India's population growth was 21.5 % growth in the last 10 years. In the 1972 census, population growth further increased to 24.6 %. It was the failure of 1952 national family planning which generally not able to slow the population growth rate. 

New population policy of 1976:

• In this policy, the marriage age of the boy was increased to 21 years and for the girl to 18 years. 
• Promotion of volunteer family planning. 
• Concessions were given on corporate and income tax of individuals who opted for family planning.

After 1981, India entered the third stage of the demographic transition theory. In this stage, the birth rate is on the trend of decrease. During five years plan after 1985, more focus was given to women's education and job growth. It was believed that population growth can be controlled through economic growth & health facilities improvement of Child & pregnant women.

Population policy of  1997 on Reproductive and child health approaches:

• Focus on Institualised delivery.
• More focus on decentralized and regional-based planning on health care was given. 

Population policy of 2000 : 

• Focus on Participation of NGO
• ASHA worker and baby care units
• The aim was to make a fertility rate of 2.1( i.e replacement rate) and stabilized the population by 2045. 

Recent population policy of 2017: 

• Special focus on high population growth states such as Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, and Orissa. 
• Maternity benefits program for the first two children. 
• Home delivery services through ASHA worker. 

China one-child policy

The following are the main characteristics of China's one-child policy.

• In 1980, China one-child policy was implemented
• Under this  marriage ages were delayed:
• for boy 26 age 
• for the girl; 24 age 
• There was an economic penalty for more than one child. 
• The second child will be permitted if the first child is physical or mentally handicapped. 

The following amendments were made:

• In 2000, the second child is permitted for minority people. 
• In 2015 second child is permitted to all people.

 Problems in China one-child policy:

• The preferences for male children increased
• Decreased in sex ratio, China sex ratio is far below the global average & India's sex ratio. 
• With the high dependency ratio, eight peoples are dependent on a married person with a minor child.  Dependents are:
• Parents(2)
• Grand Parents(2)
• Maternal Parents (2)
• Wife & a minor child(2)

Population Policy in developed countries

The population is either decreasing or not increasing in the developed countries. They are giving economic benefits to increasing the population. Germany & Japan are examples of an aging population.

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