Summary Notes
What is the site?
The place where a building or a settlement develops is called site.
Favorable natural condition for selecting the site:
- The good or moderate climate
- Availability of Potable water
- Fertile land
- Suitable land or topography
What is human Settlement?
Settlements are places where people builts their homes. Early humans were settled on trees and caves; later they settle along with the river site with fertile land and sufficient water available round the year.
The following civilization developed along with river valley:
Types of Settlements:
For example, settlement in deep forest, hot and cold desert, and mountains.
They practice, hunting, gathering, shifting, cultivation, and Transhumance.
Transhumance:
It is a special seasonal movement of people who rear animals and mover other locations in search of the new locations.
Rural settlement:
Villages are rural settlements where people are engaged in activities like Agriculture, fishing, foresting, crafts works and trading.
In rural areas, people built the house as suitable for local climatic conditions.
Rural settlement can be:
Compact settlement:
The compact settlement is a densely built area of the dwelling. Northern Indian plains are the example of compact settlement.
Scattered settlement:
Settlement or dwelling are placed over extensive areas. These types of dwelling are found in the mountainous regions, desert regions, dense forest regions. and extreme climate or topographical regions.
What are the problems in the cities:
The following are the problems:
Transport
Transport is the means by which people and goods move around the world.
Ancient times; Walk and animals are the only way of transport.
The later invention of the wheel added speed
Over time, Van and Aeroplane are developed.
Modern means of transport saves time and energy.
Four major means of transport are:
They can be:
Manali-Leh highway is one of the highest roadways in the world.
Subways/Underpath; roads built underground
The flyover is built on a raised structure.
Golden Quadrilateral connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.
Waterways in two types:
Inland waterways:
Sea route:
Seaport is used to transfer goods from one place to another.
Newspaper.
It is also called mass media because it communicated with a large number of people.
Satellite:
It is a faster and secure way of communication.
It helps:
Internet:
Used to:
Q1. What are the four means of transport?
Answer.
The following are:
Q2. What do you understand by the term ‘settlement’?
Answer.
The settlement is the place when people built homes and live there.
Q3. Which are the activities practiced by the rural people?
Answer.
Primary activities are practiced in rural people, the following are:
Q4. Mention any two merits of railways.
Answer.
The following are two merits:
Q5. What do you understand by communication?
Answer.
Communication is the process of conveying the message to another location.
Q6. What is the mass media?
Answer.
A newspaper is called mass media as it communicated with large masses.
The following civilization developed along with river valley:
- Indus valley civilization: Indus river
- Mesopotamia: Along Tigris river
- The Nile or Egyptian civilization: the Nile river
- Chinese civilization: Yellow river
Types of Settlements:
- Temporary Settlement
- Permanent Settlement
- Rural Settlement
- Compact
- Scattered
- Urban Settlement
- Town or small urban settlement
- City or large urban settlement
Temporary Settlement
The settlement which is occupied for a short time; is called temporary settlement.For example, settlement in deep forest, hot and cold desert, and mountains.
They practice, hunting, gathering, shifting, cultivation, and Transhumance.
Transhumance:
It is a special seasonal movement of people who rear animals and mover other locations in search of the new locations.
Permanent Settlement
In the permanent settlement, people build homes to stay permanently. They grow crops in villages and they do some kinds of jobs in the city.Rural settlement:
Villages are rural settlements where people are engaged in activities like Agriculture, fishing, foresting, crafts works and trading.
In rural areas, people built the house as suitable for local climatic conditions.
- In heavy rainfall area; houses with a slanting roof
- In water logging areas; houses are constructed on raised places
- In hot climate; Thick mud-walled house
Rural settlement can be:
- Compact
- Scattered
Compact settlement:
The compact settlement is a densely built area of the dwelling. Northern Indian plains are the example of compact settlement.
Scattered settlement:
Settlement or dwelling are placed over extensive areas. These types of dwelling are found in the mountainous regions, desert regions, dense forest regions. and extreme climate or topographical regions.
Urban Settlement
Urban people are engaged in the manufacturing, trading, and services sector.What are the problems in the cities:
The following are the problems:
- Traffic and congestion
- Unhygienic condition
- Shortage of power and water supply
- Slums areas
- Shortage of houses
- Pollutions such as air, water pollution
Transport
Transport is the means by which people and goods move around the world.
Ancient times; Walk and animals are the only way of transport.
- India: Donkey, Moles, Buffalo, Camel
- South America: Llamas
- Tibet: Yaks
The later invention of the wheel added speed
Over time, Van and Aeroplane are developed.
Modern means of transport saves time and energy.
Four major means of transport are:
- Roadways
- Railways
- Waterway
- Airways
Roadways
It is a commonly used means of transport, especially for short distances.They can be:
- Metalled: Pucca
- Un-Metalled: Kutcha
Manali-Leh highway is one of the highest roadways in the world.
Subways/Underpath; roads built underground
The flyover is built on a raised structure.
Golden Quadrilateral connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.
Railways
- It carries heavy goods & people over long distances quickly & cheaply.
- The invention of the steam engine helps in speedy development in the industrial revolution
- Later, diesel & electric engines replace the steam engines.
- Trans-Siberian railways are the longest railways system in Russia that runs from St. Petersburg in western Russia to Vladivostok in eastern Russia.
Waterways
It is the cheapest for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances.Waterways in two types:
- Inland waterways
- Sea routes.
Inland waterways:
- Ganga Brahmputra river
- Great Lakes in North America
- Niles in Africa
Sea route:
Seaport is used to transfer goods from one place to another.
Airways
- This is the fastest way of transport in modern times.
- It is also the most expensive due to high fuels cost
- Air traffic is adversely affected by bad weather and fog
- The helicopter is extremely useful in most inaccessible locations.
Communication
Communication is the process of conveying a message to others. The following medium of communications are used:- Newspaper
- Radio
- Television
- Satellites
- Internet
- Telephone communication through cellular phone
Newspaper.
It is also called mass media because it communicated with a large number of people.
Satellite:
It is a faster and secure way of communication.
It helps:
- Oil Exploration
- Survey of forest
- Disaster warning
- Military communication
Internet:
Used to:
- Book tickets
- Send electronic mail
Exercises
Q1. What are the four means of transport?
Answer.
The following are:
- Roadways
- Railways
- Waterways
- Airways
Q2. What do you understand by the term ‘settlement’?
Answer.
The settlement is the place when people built homes and live there.
Q3. Which are the activities practiced by the rural people?
Answer.
Primary activities are practiced in rural people, the following are:
- Agriculture
- Poultry
- Livestock
- Mining
- Fishing
- Forestry
- Craftworks
Q4. Mention any two merits of railways.
Answer.
The following are two merits:
- It is the cheapest.
- Easy to transport bulky or heavy goods over long distances by railways.
Q5. What do you understand by communication?
Answer.
Communication is the process of conveying the message to another location.
Q6. What is the mass media?
Answer.
A newspaper is called mass media as it communicated with large masses.
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