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Tourism, Eco - Tourism UPSC | Tourism- resources and economy | Industry | Geography of India

Table of Contents:

  • Tourism Definition
  • Tourism as Industry
  • Tourism as a resource
  • Types of Tourism
  • Characteristics of Tourism
  • Component of tourism
  • Tourism circuit
  • Barrier to tourism
  • India's Status on Tourism
  • Give a critical account of region-specific constraints of sustainable tourism in India. (UPSC 2018, 200 words, 15 marks)
  • What is the "Heritage Arch"? Underline its importance in Uttar Pradesh in terms of tourism potential.  ( UPPSC 2022)
  •  Illustrate the major features of wildlife Eco-Tourism circuits of Uttar Pradesh. ( UPPSC 2021)
  • What is the "Heritage Arch"? Underline its importance in Uttar Pradesh in terms of tourism potential.  ( UPPSC 2019)
  • Give an account of the primary targets of Uttar Pradesh Tourism Policy (2018). ( UPPSC 2028)


What is tourism?

Tourism refers to the activity of traveling for pleasure, leisure, or recreational purposes. 


Tourism involves individuals or groups of people visiting different destinations, which can be within their own country ( domestic tourism) or abroad ( international tourism), to explore and experience new cultures, attractions, landscapes, and activities. 


Tourism can encompass various forms, including cultural tourism, ecotourism, Medical tourism, religious tourism, adventure tourism, and more. It often has economic, social, and environmental impacts on both the destination and the travelers involved.


Why the tourism sector is also called the tourism industry?

The tourism sector is often referred to as the tourism industry because it encompasses a wide range of economic activities and businesses that contribute to and support tourism. 


Here are a few reasons why it's called an industry:


Economic Activities: 

The tourism sector includes various businesses and services, such as hotels, restaurants, airlines, tour operators, transportation companies, and more. These entities operate to provide goods and services to tourists, making it akin to an industry.


Economic Impact: 

Tourism has a significant economic impact, generating revenue, employment, and economic growth in many regions. It's often treated as an industry due to its substantial economic contributions.


Business Operations:

Many businesses within the tourism sector operate similarly to those in traditional industries. They have marketing strategies, supply chains, workforce management, and financial considerations, much like any other industry.


Regulation and Governance: 

Governments and authorities often regulate and oversee the tourism sector, including setting standards, safety regulations, and taxation. This regulatory aspect is another reason why it's referred to as an industry.


Why tourism is considered a resource?

Tourism is considered a resource for several reasons:


Economic Resource: 

Tourism can generate significant economic benefits for a destination region. It contributes to the local economy by creating jobs, supporting businesses, and generating revenue through activities like accommodation, dining, transportation, and entertainment. This economic contribution makes tourism a valuable resource for income generation.


Cultural and Natural Resources: 

Tourism often centers around the cultural and natural attractions of a region. These attractions, such as historical sites, natural landscapes, wildlife, and cultural heritage, are valuable resources that draw tourists to a destination. Tourism helps preserve and showcase these resources, promoting their conservation and sustainability.


Infrastructure and Development Resource: 

To accommodate tourists, destinations often invest in infrastructure development, including roads, airports, hotels, and recreational facilities. These developments not only improve the tourism experience but also benefit local residents and overall development, making tourism an infrastructure resource.


Employment Resource: 

Tourism provides employment opportunities for a wide range of people, from hotel staff and tour guides to artisans and transportation workers. In areas with limited job prospects, tourism can be a significant source of employment, making it a valuable resource for livelihoods.


Marketing and Promotion Resource: 

Tourism boards and organizations promote destinations to attract visitors. These marketing efforts are essential for creating awareness about a place and can boost tourism-related businesses. Tourism marketing is, therefore, a resource for promoting and sustaining the industry.


Cultural Exchange and Education Resource: 

Tourism facilitates cultural exchange and educational experiences for both tourists and local residents. Visitors learn about new cultures, traditions, and histories, while locals may gain exposure to different perspectives. This educational aspect is a resource for cross-cultural understanding and enrichment.


Overall, tourism is considered a resource because it brings economic, cultural, social, and developmental benefits to destinations, utilizing and showcasing the unique assets and attributes of a region to attract and satisfy tourists.


Types of Tourism:

In general, the following are four types of tourism:

  • International Tourism
  • Cruise Ship Tourism
  • Domestic tourism
  • Eco-tourism

International Tourism:

As per the UN WTO definition, visitors who travel to a country other than their residence country at least for one night but stay less than one year is called international tourism.

Cruise ship tourism:

Cruise ship tourism is a type of travel and tourism that involves taking a vacation or journey on a cruise ship. These massive vessels are designed to offer a wide range of amenities and activities, often including accommodations, dining options, entertainment, and recreational facilities. 

Domestic tourism;

Domestic tourism refers to the practice of individuals or groups traveling within their own country for leisure, recreational, or business purposes. Unlike international tourism, which involves crossing international borders, domestic tourism takes place entirely within the boundaries of a single nation.

Eco-tourism;

Ecotourism, often also known as "eco-tourism," is a form of sustainable tourism that focuses on responsible travel to natural areas, with an emphasis on conserving the environment and promoting the well-being of local communities. 


Eco-tourism is characterized by the following principles:


Nature Conservation: 

Ecotourism prioritizes the preservation and protection of natural ecosystems, wildlife, and biodiversity. 


Sustainability: 

It promotes sustainable practices in tourism operations, such as eco-friendly accommodations, waste reduction, and responsible resource management. 


Education and Awareness:

Ecotourism aims to educate tourists about the importance of environmental conservation and the local cultures and traditions. Visitors gain a deeper understanding of the natural and cultural heritage of the destination.


Support for Conservation: 

Revenue generated from ecotourism is often reinvested in conservation efforts, scientific research, and the protection of natural habitats.

The following are important eco-tourism destinations in India;

  • Ladakh: ( Cold desert, mountain)
  • Kashmir valley
  • Yumthong- Valley in Sikkim
  • Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh
  • Almora hill station and Deharadun in Uttarakhand
  • Jaisalmer desert- Rajasthan.
  • Mahabaleshwar; Hill station in western Ghats; Maharashtra
  • Hampi- Karnataka
  • Chilika Lake- Odisha
  • Alappuzha, Backwater -Kerala
  • Kanyakumari: It is the meeting point of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea


As per the Annual report 2019-20 from the tourism ministry, there are 10 types of tourism niches: 

  • Cruise tourism
  • Adventure tourism
  • Medical tourism
  • Wellness tourism
  • Golf tourism
  • Polo tourism
  • Business Tourism
  • Eco-tourism tourism
  • Film tourism
  • Sustainable tourism. 
Cruise Tourism:
Various steps have been taken in coastal areas such as Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu to boost Cruise Tourism. Special operating Procedures(SOPs) are also being formulated.
The following are types of Cruise Tourism:
  • Ocean Cruise
  • River Cruise

Adventure Tourism:

Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, and North Eastern States are the major Adventure tourism destinations.

Medical Tourism:

  • India is a major destination for cheap medical tourism for specialized surgery.
  • Medical Visa is also introduced to promote Medical Tourism in India.


Wellness Tourism:

  • People travel to Ayurveda and yoga centers for wellness and fitness.
  • Major destinations of Wellness Tourism are Haridwar, Kerala, etc.


Golf Tourism:

  • The government has established a golf promotion workshop


Polo Tourism:


  • The government promotes Polo as a heritage sport, as Polo Game was originated in India.

Business Tourism:


  • Major destinations for meetings and seminars are the capital city of the state, Delhi, and some larger cities.
  • The government is keen to build an international standard for the conference.

Characteristics of tourism;

The following are characteristics of tourism:

  • Season in nature
  • Fluctuations in demand for tourism
  • The interdependence of other factors like safety, infrastructure availability, natural beauty, etc.

Components of tourism:

Tourism is a multifaceted industry that involves various components and elements working together to provide travelers with enjoyable and meaningful experiences. 

The key components of tourism include:

Tourists: 
Tourists are individuals or groups of people who travel to different destinations for leisure, business, or other purposes. They are the central figures in the tourism industry.


Tourist Destinations: 

These are the places or areas that attract tourists. Tourist destinations can vary widely, including cities, natural landscapes, historical sites, theme parks, beaches, cultural attractions, and more.


Hospitality Industry: 
The hospitality sector includes accommodations such as hotels, resorts, motels, hostels, and vacation rentals. These establishments provide lodging and related services to tourists during their stay.


Transportation: 
Transportation is a crucial component, including airlines, cruise ships, trains, buses, taxis, and rental car services. Efficient transportation networks are essential for tourists to reach their chosen destinations.

Food and Beverage Services: 
Restaurants, cafes, bars, food stalls, and catering services play a vital role in tourism. They offer a variety of culinary experiences, from local cuisine to international dishes.

Tour Operators and Travel Agencies: 
Tour operators create and organize travel packages, tours, and itineraries for tourists. Travel agencies help with booking accommodations, transportation, and activities.

Recreational and Cultural Activities:
These encompass a wide range of activities that tourists engage in while visiting a destination, such as sightseeing, adventure sports, cultural performances, and recreational pursuits.

Tourism Infrastructure: 
Tourism destinations often require infrastructure development, including airports, roads, public transportation, tourist information centers, and recreational facilities.

Local Communities: 
The local population plays a significant role in tourism, as they provide services, share their culture, and interact with tourists. Sustainable tourism seeks to involve and benefit local communities.

Tourism Promotion and Marketing: 
Governments, tourism boards, and destination marketing organizations promote their regions to attract tourists. This includes advertising, online marketing, and participation in trade shows.

Regulations and Policies: 
Governments enact regulations and policies to manage and oversee the tourism industry, including safety standards, environmental protections, and tourism taxes.

Environmental and Cultural Conservation: 
Conservation efforts are critical to protect natural and cultural assets in tourist destinations, ensuring their preservation for future generations.

Tourism Research and Education:
Research institutions and educational programs contribute to the understanding of tourism trends, sustainability, and best practices within the industry.

Tourism Circuit:

As per the Tourism Ministry, tourism circuits can be defined as having at least three major tourist destinations connected. The concerned tourist destination should not be in the same city.

For example;

  • Golden Triangle tourist circuit that connects three cities namely Delhi, Agra, and Jaipur. It is very important for international tourists.
  • The Buddhist Circuit connects the locations that are related to the life of Buddha.
  • Ramayana Circuits

The barrier to tourism;

The tourism sector faces various barriers and challenges that can impact its growth and sustainability. 

Some of the notable barriers and challenges include:


Pandemics and Health Concerns: 

Events like the COVID-19 pandemic have had a significant impact on global tourism, leading to travel restrictions, reduced demand, and economic losses. Health concerns can continue to be a barrier to travel and tourism recovery.


Environmental Concerns: 

Tourism can contribute to environmental degradation through factors like over-tourism, habitat destruction, and pollution. Sustainable tourism practices are needed to mitigate these negative impacts.


Over-Tourism: 

Some popular tourist destinations face over-crowding and strain on local resources, infrastructure, and communities, leading to negative consequences for both tourists and locals.


Climate Change: 

Climate change poses a threat to tourism, affecting weather patterns, sea levels, and the sustainability of certain destinations. Extreme weather events can disrupt travel plans.


Regulatory and Political Challenges: 

Governments may impose regulations, taxes, or visa restrictions that affect tourism. Political instability in a region can deter tourists from visiting.


Safety and Security Concerns: 

Tourists are sensitive to safety and security issues, such as terrorism, crime, and civil unrest. These concerns can deter travelers from visiting certain destinations.


Economic Downturns: 

Economic recessions and financial crises can lead to reduced discretionary spending on travel and tourism.


Infrastructure and Accessibility: 

Inadequate transportation infrastructure, including airports, roads, and public transportation, can limit the development of tourist destinations.


Cultural and Social Challenges: 

Tourism can have both positive and negative social impacts, including changes in local cultures, values, and communities. Maintaining cultural authenticity while catering to tourists can be a challenge.


Technology and Online Booking: 

While technology has made travel more accessible, it has also disrupted traditional tourism business models, impacting travel agencies and traditional accommodation providers.


Natural Disasters: 

Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or wildfires, can disrupt tourism in affected areas and lead to the temporary closure of attractions.


Seasonality: 

Some destinations are highly seasonal, leading to fluctuations in tourism-related businesses' income and employment levels.


Costs and Affordability: 

Travel expenses, including transportation, accommodation, and dining, can be a barrier for budget-conscious travelers.


Environmental Conservation: 

Balancing tourism growth with environmental conservation efforts is a challenge, especially in fragile ecosystems and protected areas.


Overcoming these barriers and challenges often requires collaboration among governments, businesses, local communities, and travelers themselves. 

Sustainable tourism practices, responsible tourism management, and a focus on the well-being of both tourists and destinations are essential for the long-term success of the tourism sector.

 Tourism status in India:

  • The Ministry of Tourism is responsible for the formulation, administration, regulations, and promotion of the tourism sector. 
  • India is very rich in natural and cultural diversity. The tourism industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in India but as of now, it has exploited less than 10 % of potential growth
  • Tourism is not only boosting income but also boosts the country's identity. India is among the 10 tourist destinations of the world and it is increasing by 15 % yearly.
  • The nature of Tourism is changing very fast. Earlier, tourists prefer to visit cultural and architectural places. Now, it has been increasing for leisure and pleasure.
  • Traveler generally buys ethnic craft for their memory or travel experience. India is rich in craft and has more than 20 million people employed and producing a variety of crafts, some example is Carpet, Silver and semiprecious jewelry, Madhuban Painting, Silk Garments, and Pashmina shawls from  Kashmir.
  • The tourism industry accounts for approximately 9% of the GDP and provides employment for 8% population
  • Due to COVID-19, India may suffer rupees 5 lakh crore this year as per the study.

Question. 

Give a critical account of region-specific constraints of sustainable tourism in India.

(UPSC 2018, 200 words, 15 marks)

Answer.

Sustainable tourism in India faces several region-specific constraints that pose challenges to its development and implementation. While India has immense tourism potential, these constraints can hinder the growth of sustainable tourism practices. 

Here's a critical account of some key region-specific challenges:

Infrastructure Deficiencies: 
In many regions of India, inadequate infrastructure, including roads, airports, and public transportation, hampers the accessibility of tourist destinations. Poor infrastructure can lead to congestion, increased pollution, and difficulties in managing visitor flows sustainably.

Over-Tourism in Popular Destinations: 
Popular tourist destinations in India, such as Goa, Kerala, and the Taj Mahal, often experience over-tourism, resulting in overcrowding, environmental degradation, and strain on local resources. Balancing visitation and preserving these attractions sustainably is a major challenge.

Hill Stations and Fragile Ecosystems: 
India's hill stations and mountainous regions are particularly vulnerable to environmental degradation due to unregulated construction, waste disposal, and deforestation. Sustainable development in these areas is critical to preserve their natural beauty.

Coastal Areas and Marine Conservation: 
Coastal tourism hotspots like Goa and Andaman and Nicobar Islands face challenges related to marine conservation. Coral reefs, mangroves, and marine biodiversity need protection from activities such as irresponsible snorkeling, diving, and fishing.

Cultural and Heritage Conservation: 
Preserving India's rich cultural and heritage sites while accommodating tourism can be challenging. Ensuring responsible visitor behavior and minimizing the impact on historical monuments and religious sites is crucial.

Local Community Engagement: 
In some regions, there is limited involvement of local communities in tourism planning and benefits. Empowering local communities economically and socially while protecting their traditional way of life is a critical aspect of sustainable tourism.

Wildlife Conservation and Safaris: 
Protected areas and wildlife sanctuaries are vital for India's biodiversity. However, issues like poaching, habitat destruction, and disturbances from tourism activities need careful management to ensure the protection of wildlife and ecosystems.

Waste Management: 
Proper waste disposal and recycling infrastructure are often lacking in many tourist destinations. This leads to pollution, especially in ecologically sensitive areas.

Climate Change Vulnerability: 
Certain regions in India are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts, such as coastal erosion, extreme weather events, and changing precipitation patterns. These factors can disrupt tourism activities and infrastructure.

Tribal and Indigenous Tourism: 
Tourism involving tribal and indigenous communities must be managed carefully to respect their cultural heritage and rights. Striking a balance between economic development and cultural preservation is challenging.

Conflict: 
In regions with ethnic, political, or social conflicts, tourism can either exacerbate tensions or be a tool for reconciliation. Managing such conflicts while promoting tourism requires skillful diplomacy and community engagement.

Addressing these region-specific constraints in India's sustainable tourism efforts necessitates a coordinated approach involving government agencies, local communities, businesses, and tourists themselves.


Question. 

What is the "Heritage Arch"? Underline its importance in Uttar Pradesh in terms of tourism potential.

(UPPSC Mains General Studies-I/GS- 2022 and 2019)

Answer.

Uttar Pradesh is known for its rich cultural and historical heritage, boasting numerous iconic monuments and sites. 

Uttar Pradesh's Heritage Arch is a tourism network stretching from Agra to Lucknow to Varanasi. It includes all important tourism destination sites of Agra District, Lucknow District, and Varanasi District.

Heritage Arc of Uttar Pradesh includes the following:


Taj Mahal:
Located in Agra, the Taj Mahal is one of the most famous and recognized landmarks globally, known for its architectural beauty and historical significance.


Fatehpur Sikri: 
This UNESCO World Heritage Site near Agra is a historical city known for its Mughal architecture, including the Buland Darwaza and Jama Masjid.

Lucknow: 
The capital city is renowned for its historical buildings like Bara Imambara, Chota Imambara, and the Residency, reflecting Awadhi architecture.



Varanasi: Considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Varanasi attracts tourists for its spiritual and cultural heritage, including the Ganges River, temples, and ghats.




The importance of these heritage sites in terms of tourism potential for Uttar Pradesh is profound:



Tourist Attraction: 
These landmarks draw millions of tourists each year, both domestic and international, contributing significantly to the state's tourism revenue.



Cultural Heritage: 
Uttar Pradesh's historical sites showcase the rich cultural and architectural heritage of India, attracting history enthusiasts and researchers.



Economic Impact: 
Tourism generates income for local communities, supporting businesses, hospitality, and the livelihoods of many.


Promotion of Art and Culture: 
Heritage sites often host cultural events, promoting traditional arts, music, and dance forms.



Global Recognition: 
Iconic monuments like the Taj Mahal enhance India's global reputation and serve as symbols of its cultural richness.



Preservation Efforts: 
Tourism revenue is often reinvested in the preservation and maintenance of these historical sites, ensuring their longevity.


The above existing heritage sites and architectural wonders play a vital role in its tourism potential, drawing visitors from around the world and contributing to the cultural and economic prosperity of the region.



Question. 

 Illustrate the major features of wildlife Eco-Tourism circuits of Uttar Pradesh.

(UPPSC Mains General Studies-I/GS- 2021)

Answer.

Wildlife eco-tourism circuits in Uttar Pradesh aim to showcase the state's diverse and rich natural heritage while promoting conservation efforts. These circuits typically encompass multiple wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and other natural attractions. 

Here are some major features of wildlife eco-tourism circuits in Uttar Pradesh:

Rich Biodiversity: 
Uttar Pradesh's eco-tourism circuits are home to a wide variety of wildlife species, including tigers, leopards, elephants, rhinoceroses, deer, and numerous bird species. The state's diverse ecosystems provide a habitat for these animals.

Key Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks: 
The circuits include some of Uttar Pradesh's prominent wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, such as Dudhwa National Park, Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, and Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary. Each offers unique flora and fauna experiences.

Tiger Conservation: 
Several wildlife circuits in the state are part of the "Terai Arc Landscape," a significant tiger conservation area. Dudhwa National Park, in particular, is known for its tiger population and conservation efforts.

Avian Diversity: 
Uttar Pradesh's wetlands and riverine ecosystems are important for birdwatchers. The eco-tourism circuits attract bird enthusiasts to explore these regions and spot migratory and resident bird species.

Community Participation: 
Many wildlife eco-tourism initiatives in Uttar Pradesh involve local communities. This engagement helps in conservation efforts and supports livelihoods through responsible tourism.


Safari Experiences: 
Visitors can enjoy wildlife safaris, both jeep and elephant safaris, to explore the natural habitats and observe wildlife up close in a non-intrusive manner.


Conservation Awareness: 
Interpretation centers and informative signages are often set up to educate tourists about the importance of wildlife conservation and the specific species in the region.

Adventure Activities: 
In addition to wildlife experiences, some circuits offer adventure activities like river rafting, kayaking, and camping, providing a holistic nature-based adventure.


Natural Beauty:
Beyond wildlife, the circuits showcase the natural beauty of the region, including rivers, wetlands, grasslands, and forests, making them attractive to nature lovers.

These wildlife eco-tourism circuits in Uttar Pradesh are designed to provide tourists with immersive experiences in the state's natural wonders while contributing to wildlife conservation and the sustainable development of local communities.


Question. 

Give an account of the primary targets of Uttar Pradesh Tourism Policy (2018).

(UPPSC Mains General Studies-I/GS- 2018)

Answer.

The Uttar Pradesh Tourism Policy 2018 aimed to promote tourism in the state by focusing on several key targets and objectives:



Tourist Arrivals: 
The policy aimed to significantly increase the number of tourist arrivals in Uttar Pradesh, both domestic and international. It sought to position the state as a preferred tourist destination.



Tourist Revenue:
The policy aimed to boost tourism-related revenue by increasing tourist spending in the state. This included promoting high-value tourism, such as heritage and cultural tourism.



Infrastructure Development: 
Uttar Pradesh aimed to develop and upgrade tourism-related infrastructure, including transportation, accommodation, and tourist facilities. This involved improving roads, airports, and railway stations, and developing heritage circuits and tourist-friendly amenities.



Heritage Conservation: 
The policy emphasized the preservation and promotion of the rich cultural and historical heritage of the state. It targeted the restoration and maintenance of heritage sites and monuments.



Promotion of Religious Tourism: 
Uttar Pradesh is known for its religious diversity and hosts several important religious sites. The policy aimed to promote religious tourism by improving the infrastructure around these sites and organizing religious festivals and events.



Eco-Tourism: 
The policy recognized the potential for eco-tourism in the state's national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and natural landscapes. It targeted the development of eco-friendly tourism initiatives while preserving the environment.



Adventure Tourism: 
Uttar Pradesh aimed to promote adventure tourism activities such as trekking, mountaineering, and water sports in regions with adventure potential.



Skill Development: 

The policy focused on skill development and training programs for individuals involved in the tourism sector, including tour guides, hospitality staff, and artisans.



Promotion of Cultural Activities: 
To showcase the state's diverse culture, the policy encouraged cultural activities, festivals, and events. It aimed to create a calendar of cultural events that would attract tourists.



Marketing and Promotion: 
Uttar Pradesh planned to aggressively market itself as a tourist destination through various marketing campaigns, both domestically and internationally. This included digital marketing, travel exhibitions, and collaborations with tour operators.



Safety and Security: 
Ensuring the safety and security of tourists was a priority. The policy aimed to establish a robust security infrastructure to provide a safe environment for tourists.



Public-Private Partnerships: 

Uttar Pradesh intended to encourage private sector participation in tourism development through partnerships, investment incentives, and concessions.


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