1. Fill in the blanks:
(a) ——Vellalar—————— was a word used for large landowners in Tamil.
(b) The gramabhojaka often got his land cultivated by the ——slaves and hired worker ———
(c) Ploughmen were known as ———Uzhavar————— in Tamil.
(d) Most grihapatis were ————smaller———— landowners.
2. Describe the functions of the gramabhojaka. Why do you think he was powerful?
Answer:
Gramabhojakas were village heads in northern India. He has a very large land that was cultivated by slaves and hired workers. He usually worked as a tax agent of the Raja and also as Judge and Policeman for the villagers. Gramabhojaka post was generally hereditary. That is why he was powerful.
3. List the crafts persons who would have been present in both villages and cities.
Answer:
The following crafts persons were present in both villages and cities:
- Sculpture
- Carpenter
- Weaver
- Trader
4. Choose the correct answer:
(a) Ring wells were used for
1. bathing
2. washing clothes
3. irrigation
4. drainage
Answer:
4. Drainage
(b) Punch marked coins were made of:
1. silver
2. gold
3. tin
4. ivory
Answer:
Silver
(c) Mathura was important:
1. village
2. port
3. religious centre
4. forested area
answer
3. religious center
(d) Shrenis were associations of:
1. rulers
2. crafts persons
3. farmers
4. herders
Answer:
2. Crafts persons
Important Dates:
- Beginning of the use of iron in the subcontinent (about 3000 years ago)
- Increase in the use of iron, cities, punch-marked coins (about 2500 years ago)
- Beginning of the composition of Sangam literature (about 2300 years ago)
- Settlement in Arikamedu (between 2200 and 1900 years ago)
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