Question.
Does urbanization lead to more segregation and/or marginalization of the poor in Indian metropolises?
(UPSC 2023 General Studies Paper 1 (Main) Exam, Answer in 150 words)
Answer.
Urbanization in India mainly happens due to rapid rural-to-urban migration. As per the 2011 census, about 31 % of the population lives in urban areas and it is estimated to rise to 50 % by 2050. However, growing urbanization leads to more segregation ( spatial segregation) and marginalization of the poor (socio-economic exclusion ).
The following ways urbanization leads to segregation and marginalization of the poor in Indian Metropolises:
Spatial Segregation:
Rapid urbanization in Indian cities leads to the creation of informal settlements or slums on the peripheries of cities. These areas lack basic facilities and infrastructure and the poor are mainly concentrated in these urban sprawl.
Economic Disparities and Economic Segregation:
Urbanization may lead to economic disparities, with the rich people residing in well-developed regions of cities while the poor are confined to areas with limited access to education, healthcare, and job opportunities. This economic segregation can further marginalize the poor.
Limited Access to Services:
The poor in urban areas often face challenges in accessing essential services, such as education and healthcare, which can contribute to their marginalization. Unequal distribution of resources and public services can deepen existing social divides.
Informal Employment:
The major portion of the urban poor are generally involved in informal employment, with uncertain job security and minimum social protections. This formalization of labor can lead to economic vulnerability and exclusion from formal urban structures.
Inadequate Housing Policies:
Limited affordable housing options and inadequate housing policies can force the poor to live in substandard conditions. Lack of secure land tenure can contribute to their social and economic marginalization.
In summary, unplanned and exclusive urbanization leads to segregation and marginalization of the poor in Indian metropolises. The government has taken many initiatives like Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, and Deen Dayal Antodaya Yojana. There is a need to focus on providing affordable housing, improving infrastructure in marginalized areas, and promoting inclusive economic development, that will ensure the benefits of urbanization to all communities of society.
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