Question:
Why are coral reefs in India most important with respect to its dynamic ecosystem? Explore
(UPSC 2025, Paper 2, Geography Optional PYQ)
Answer.
Coral reefs are among the most productive and dynamic marine ecosystems on Earth. In India, they play a crucial ecological, economic, and environmental role despite occupying less than 1% of the ocean floor. Their importance lies in their biodiversity richness, coastal protection function, and role in sustaining livelihoods.
Coral reefs are marine biogenic structures formed by colonies of tiny organisms called coral polyps. India has about 5,790 sq. km of coral reef area, mainly located in:
- Andaman & Nicobar Islands
- Lakshadweep Islands
- Gulf of Mannar
- Gulf of Kachchh
These ecosystems are termed “rainforests of the sea” due to their extremely high biodiversity and ecological interactions.
Why Coral Reefs Are Most Important in India’s Dynamic Ecosystem:
The following are some prominent reasons:
1. Biodiversity Hotspots
Coral reefs support nearly 25% of all marine species, though they cover a very small ocean area.
Indian Examples:
- Gulf of Mannar hosts 3,600+ marine species
- Lakshadweep reefs support diverse fish and algae populations
They provide habitat, breeding grounds, and food chains for marine life.
2. Coastal Protection & Disaster Mitigation
Reefs act as natural breakwaters, reducing wave energy and protecting coastlines from:
- Cyclones
- Tsunamis
- Coastal erosion
Example:
During the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, islands with healthy coral reefs suffered comparatively less damage.
3. Economic Importance
Coral ecosystems support livelihoods through:
- Fisheries
- Provide breeding grounds for commercially important fish species
- Tourism
Example:
Lakshadweep’s economy heavily depends on reef-based tourism and fishing.
4. Climate Regulation & Carbon Cycling
Corals regulate marine ecosystems by:
- Maintaining ocean nutrient balance
- Acting as carbon sinks through calcium carbonate formation
- They are sensitive indicators of climate change and ocean health.
5. Supporting Dynamic Ecological Interactions
Coral reefs form a complex symbiotic ecosystem involving:
- Zooxanthellae algae (photosynthesis)
- Fish cleaning networks
- Nutrient recycling
This makes them one of the most ecologically dynamic systems on Earth.
Emerging Threats to Indian Coral Reefs
Despite their importance, coral reefs face serious threats:
- Coral bleaching due to global warming
- Ocean acidification
- Coastal pollution
- Destructive fishing practices
Example:
Lakshadweep experienced major bleaching events in 1998, 2010, and 2016.
Conservation Efforts in India
Key initiatives include:
- Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
- Coral transplantation projects
- National Coral Reef Monitoring Programme
Protected sites include:
- Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
- Marine National Park (Gujarat)
Coral reefs are vital to India’s dynamic marine ecosystem because they support biodiversity, protect coastlines, sustain livelihoods, and regulate environmental processes. However, their survival depends on urgent climate action, sustainable coastal management, and effective conservation policies.
Thus, protecting coral reefs is not only an ecological necessity but also an economic and environmental priority for India.
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