1. Which country in Central Asia is doubly landlocked?
a) Kazakhstan
b) Kyrgyzstan
c) Tajikistan
d) Uzbekistan
Answer. d) Uzbekistan
Context:
1. India and Uzbekistan held the 17th round of Foreign Office Consultations (FOC) in New Delhi.
2. Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked sovereign republic in Central Asia.
3. It is bordered by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan.
2. " Apnoea test" determines what?
a) Cancer
b) person's integrity
c) brain-dead
d) toxicity in human cells
Answer. c) brain-dead
Context:
1. The Supreme Court of India has agreed to examine a medical plea alleging that the apnoea test, used as a primary assessment for brain death in Kerala, may be medically inconclusive and potentially dangerous.
2. The apnoea test is a mandatory clinical procedure used to determine if a patient is brain-dead (death by neurologic criteria). It specifically checks if the brainstem—the part of the brain that controls automatic functions like breathing—is still functioning.
3. Which Indian scientist propounded the "Theory of Thermal ionization"?
a) Aryabhatta
b) C. V. Raman
c) Satyendra Nath Bose
d) Meghnad Saha
Answer. d) Meghnad Saha
1. Meghnad Saha (1893–1956): Developed the Saha Ionization Equation or theory of thermal ionization, a foundational tool in astrophysics used to explain the spectra of stars and their temperatures.
2. When physicist Meghnad Saha studied the light from stars, he did not try to model every atom, every reaction, or every movement inside a star. Instead, he treated the matter in the star as a hot gas, ignored many complex processes, and focused only on temperature, pressure, and how atoms formed ions. This simplification allowed him to explain how the colour of stars is deeply connected to their temperature.
4. Where are the " hot springs of Puga Valley" located?
a) Ladakh
b) Himachal Pradesh
c) Uttarakhand
d) Arunachal Pradesh
Answer. a) Ladakh
1. The hot springs of Puga Valley in Ladakh maintain very high temperatures (nearly at the boiling point of water) even in a cold climate.
2. These environmental conditions seem to be similar to those on the early Earth, about 3.5 billion years ago. The organisms living in these hot springs are mostly heat-loving bacteria called thermophiles, which are unicellular.
5. Where is the the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences?
a) Bhopal
c) Dehradun
c) Lucknow
d) Hyderabad
Answer. c) Lucknow
Scientists from the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, studied these hot springs and found that calcium carbonate formed rapidly around them. These deposits may have protected early organic molecules from harmful radiation and extreme conditions, and they may have also helped in the formation of the first protective membrane — the barrier that defines a cell.
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