1. Which of the following is an example of an endogenic geomorphic hazard?
a) Flood
b) Landslide
c) Earthquake
d) Soil erosion
Answer: (c) Earthquake
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are examples of endogenic geomorphic hazards.
Earthquakes originate due to tectonic movements within the Earth's interior and are therefore endogenic hazards.
2. Which geomorphic hazard is mainly triggered by gravitational force?
a) Tsunami
b) Landslide
c) Earthquake
d) Volcano
Answer: (b) Landslide
Landslides (mass movement) occur due to the downslope movement of rock and soil under gravity.
3. Which of the following is NOT considered a mass movement hazard?
a) Rockfall
b) Debris flow
c) Soil creep
d) Delta formation
Answer: (d) Delta formation
Delta is a depositional landform, whereas rockfall, debris flow, and soil creep are types of mass movement.
4. The most important triggering factor for landslides in the Himalayan region is:
a) Heavy rainfall
b) Ocean currents
c) Desert winds
d) Polar climate
Answer: (a) Heavy rainfall
Intense rainfall saturates slopes, reducing friction and triggering frequent landslides in the Himalayas.
5. Which geomorphic hazard is directly associated with convergent plate boundaries?
a) Earthquakes
b) Volcanoes
c) Tsunamis
d) All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above
Convergent boundaries produce powerful earthquakes, explosive volcanoes, and tsunamis.
6. Which of the following Indian regions is most vulnerable to earthquakes?
a) Deccan Plateau
b) Thar Desert
c) Himalayan Region
d) Western Coastal Plain
Answer: (c) Himalayan Region
The Himalayas lie along the active Indian–Eurasian plate collision zone, making them India's most earthquake-prone region.
7. Sinkholes are geomorphic hazards commonly associated with:
a) Granite terrain
b) Karst topography
c) Desert plains
d) River floodplains
Answer: (b) Karst topography
Sinkholes develop due to the dissolution of limestone in karst regions.
8. The sudden release of water from a moraine-dammed lake is known as:
a) Cloudburst
b) Flash flood
c) Glacial Lake Outburst Flood
d) River piracy
Answer: (c) Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)
GLOF occurs when a glacial lake bursts, releasing enormous quantities of water downstream.
9. Which of the following is correctly matched?
a) Earthquake — Exogenic Hazard
b) Landslide — Endogenic Hazard
c) Volcano — Endogenic Hazard
d) Soil erosion — Endogenic Hazard
Answer: (c) Volcano — Endogenic Hazard
Earthquake → Endogenic
Volcano → Endogenic
Landslide → Exogenic
Soil erosion → Exogenic
10. Consider the following statements regarding geomorphic hazards:
1. Geomorphic hazards may be caused by both endogenic and exogenic processes.
2. Landslides are primarily controlled by gravity.
3. Earthquakes are examples of exogenic hazards.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only
Statement 1: Correct. Geomorphic hazards originate from both internal and external geomorphic processes.
Statement 2: Correct. Gravity is the principal driving force behind landslides and other mass movements.
Statement 3: Incorrect. Earthquakes are endogenic hazards, caused by tectonic activity within the Earth's interior.
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