Table of Contents:
- Demographic Attributes
- Crude Birth Rate( CBR)
- Regional variation of CBR in India
- Crude Death Rate( CBR)
- Total Fertility rate ( TFR)
- Regional Variation of TFR
- Age structure, workforce, and dependency ratio
- Sex composition
- Sex ratio and child sex ratio trends in India
- Regional variation of sex ratio
- Age Sex Pyramid
- Literacy rate,
- Longevity
UPSC Previous years question:
- Discuss the factors influencing the distribution of sex ratio in India.
- Geographical reasons for the variation in literacy from state to state in India.
Demographic attributes:
- Demographic=Demos ( People) + graphein ( Describe).
- Demographic means system study of the population by using different attributes.
- Demography attributes help in forming policies about public health, policies, maintaining law and order, economic policies, taxation, revenue.
There are two types of demographic attributes:
- Formal Demography or quantitative data such as sex ratio, literacy ratio
- Social Demography; qualitative or socio, economic, the political aspect of data such women participation in politics, etc.
Crude Birth Rate( CBR):
Crude Birth rate means the number of live birth per 1000 population.
- As per the 2011 census,
- India crude birth rate= 21.8 ( Urban: 17.6, Rural : 23.3)
- The crude birth rate is not uniformly distributed in India:
- Bihar has 26.4 and Uttar Pradesh has 25.9.
The following are pattern as per CBR:
Average
CBR
|
States
|
25.7
above
|
Bihar,
UP, Rajasthan, MP.
|
CBR 23.6
|
Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Assam, Meghalaya. |
CBR 17.1
|
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir
|
Below 15.2
|
Punjab, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram,
Tripura, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala
|
Crude Death rate:
Crude death rate refers to death per thousand population.
- India population decrease during 1918-19 due to famine and various epidemic such as influenza ( "Spanish flu"), Plague, Smallpox, Cholera)
- Influenza alone killed 5% of the Indian population around 125 lakh within 6 months during 2018-19.
- 1957: Asian Influenza
- 1968: Hong Kong Influenza
- 2019: Covid -19
Total Fertility rate ( TFR):
- The total fertility rate refers to the average women's child.
- 2.1 total fertility rate is considered as replace level.
There is also regional variation in the total fertility rate.
The following are some data as per 2016 data.
TFR
|
States
|
Average
1.7 and below
|
Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, West
Bengal, Kerala. |
3.3
|
Bihar
|
3.1
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
2.8
|
Madhya Pradesh |
2.7
|
Rajasthan |
Age Composition or Age Structure of the Indian population:
Age structure means the number of people of different age groups.
The following are major groups:
- Working-age population between 15-59
- An aging population: 60 plus age group; require more expenditure on health care
- Population below age 15 and above 60 age are considered as dependent population.
The following are the data age structure of India.
Age
|
2011(
in %)
|
2026
( in %)
|
0-14 age
|
29 |
23 |
15-50 age
|
63
|
64
|
60 +
|
8
|
12
|
Sex Composition:
Sex ratio = the number of women per 1000 men.
Sex ratio is unfavorable where gender discrimination happens in the form of:
- Female Foeticide
- Female Infanticides
- Domestic violence against women
The following are data about sex ratio and child sex ratio in India.
Year
|
Sex ratio overall
|
Child sex ratio( 0-6 age)
|
1961
|
941 |
976 |
1971
|
930
|
964
|
1981
|
934
|
962
|
1991
|
927
|
945
|
2001
|
933
|
927
|
2011
|
943
|
919
|
As in 2011 sex ratio in:
- Kerala: 1084
- Puducherry: 1038
- Delhi: 866
- Haryana: 877
Age Sex pyramid or population pyramid:
The number of women and men in different age groups is shown in the Population pyramid.
There are three types of population pyramid:
- Expanding Population pyramid
- Constant Population pyramid
- Declining Population pyramid
Expanding Population pyramid:
- It is triangular-shaped
- Wide base
- It is found in developing countries.
For example,
- India, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Mexico
- In the Indian States, Most of the Northern states except Punjab and Himachal Pradesh
Constant Population pyramid:
- It is bell-shaped and tapered toward the top
- It shows the birth and death rate is almost equal
For example,
- the Australia population pyramid
- In the Indian States, Most of the Southern states except Kerala
Declining population pyramid:
- It has a narrow base with a tapered top
- It shows a low birth rate as compared to the death rate
- It is found in developed countries
For example,
- Japan, and other developed countries.
- Kerala state, Mizoram
Literacy rate:
Proportional of the population which is literate able to read write, understand in any language is called literacy rate.
- The literacy rate is an indication of socio-economic development and standard of living.
- Economic development is the cause and consequence of literacy.
- It increases the participation in cultural and economic well being
- Literate parent are more conscience about children well being
- The female literacy rate is rising very fast.
The following are data:
Year
|
Literacy overall
|
Male
|
Female
|
Gap
|
1991
|
52.2
|
64.1
|
39.3
|
24.8
|
2001
|
65.4
|
75.9
|
54.2
|
21.7
|
2011
|
73
|
80.9
|
64.6
|
16.3
|
Longevity or life expectancy:
Longevity or Life expectancy of birth means the average number of expected live to live under current atmospheric and health conditions.
Year
|
Male
|
Female
|
Overalls
|
1961
|
42.87
|
41.13
|
42.03
|
1971
|
48.96
|
47.82
|
48.40
|
1981
|
54.18
|
54.40
|
54.27
|
1991
|
57.97
|
58.77
|
58.35
|
2001
|
62.12
|
63.75
|
62.91
|
2011
|
66.12
|
68.22
|
67.13
|
Life expectancy:
- 1951: 36.7 years
- 2012: 67.9 years
Regional variation of life expectancy:
As per 2011-15 data:
Year
|
Male
|
Female
|
Overalls
|
Kerala
|
72.2
|
78.20
|
75.2
|
UP
|
63.4
|
65.60
|
64.50
|
The following sates have a life expectancy of more than 70 as per 2011-15 data;
- Kerala, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharastra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttrakhand, and West Bengal.
For a detailed explanation, watch the below video:
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