1. Who proposed the Cycle of Erosion based on simultaneous uplift and erosion?
a) W.M. Davis
b) Walther Penck
c) L.C. King
d) Arthur Holmes
Answer: (b) Walther Penck
Walther Penck (1924), a German geomorphologist, argued that upliftment and erosion operate simultaneously.
2. According to Penck, landform development depends primarily on:
a) Time only
b) Climate only
c) Ratio between upliftment and erosion rates
d) Rock type only
Answer: (c) Ratio between upliftment and erosion rates
Penck emphasized the balance between endogenic forces (uplift) and exogenic forces (erosion).
3. Which concept of Davis was strongly rejected by Penck?
a) Role of rivers
b) Sequential Youth–Maturity–Old Age stages
c) Existence of valleys
d) Base level of erosion
Answer: (b) Sequential Youth–Maturity–Old Age stages
Penck believed landform evolution is not controlled by fixed time-dependent stages.
4. What is the name of the initial featureless surface in Penck's model?
a) Peneplain
b) Pediplain
c) Primarumpf
d) Monadnock
Answer: (c) Primarumpf
Primarumpf is the original low-relief surface before significant landform development begins.
5. In which stage of Penck's model are upliftment rates greater than erosion rates?
a) Endrumpf
b) Absteigende
c) Aufsteigende Entwicklung
d) Primarumpf
Answer: (c) Aufsteigende Entwicklung
During this stage, relief increases rapidly, and valleys deepen because uplift exceeds erosion.
6. Which stage of Penck's erosion cycle is characterized by a balance between uplift and erosion?
a) Primarumpf
b) Gleichförmige Entwicklung
c) Endrumpf
d) Absteigende Entwicklung
Answer: (b) Gleichförmige Entwicklung
In this stage, uplift and denudation are approximately equal, producing maximum relief.
7. Conical-shaped Inselbergs are typically formed during which stage of Penck's cycle?
a) Primarumpf
b) Aufsteigende
c) Absteigende
d) Gleichförmige
Answer: (c) Absteigende
During the declining stage, parallel slope retreat produces isolated conical hills called Inselbergs.
8. What is the final landform produced in Penck's erosion cycle?
a) Peneplain
b) Pediplain
c) Delta
d) Monadnock
Answer: (b) Pediplain
Unlike Davis, who proposed a peneplain, Penck's cycle culminates in the formation of a pediplain.
9. Which geomorphic process can restart the erosion cycle according to Penck?
a) Weathering only
b) Volcanism only
c) Rejuvenation
d) Sedimentation
Answer: (c) Rejuvenation
Rejuvenation occurs due to upliftment of land or lowering of the base level, initiating a new cycle.
10. Penck's "Trippen Concept" includes which three geomorphic activities?
a) Weathering, Erosion, Deposition
b) Erosion, Transportation, Deposition
c) Upliftment, Erosion, Folding
d) Denudation, Volcanism, Sedimentation
Answer: (b) Erosion, Transportation, Deposition
Penck emphasized three interconnected geomorphic processes: erosion, transportation, and deposition.
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