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Lee's push pull theory of migration UPSC



As per Lee, the following four factors are the deciding factors of pattern and volume of migration:
  • Push factors at the place of origin
  • Pull factors at destination
  • Intervening barriers between origin and destination
  • Personal choice or plus-minus opportunities
Push factors:
 Place of origin is less attractive; reasons for the same are:


  • Unemployment
  • Poor living standard
  • Political instability
  • Harsh climate
  • natural disaster
  • Epidemic
  • Social and economic backwardness

Pull Factors:

The place of destination seems more attractive than the place of origin for reasons like:


  • Better job opportunities
  • Better living condition
  • Peace and stability
  • Security of Life and property
  • Pleasant climate


Intervening Barriers:
  • Geographical barriers :
    • mountain, rivers, human-made barriers, etc.
  • A political barrier:
    • Permit system, strict visa rules, etc.
  • A social, cultural, and religious barrier :
    • Language problems, intolerance, enmity

Characteristics:
  • Migrations are selective and they may be positive or negative selective
  • Positive selective: those who migrate because of pull factors.
  • Negative selective: those who migrate because of push factors.
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Try to solve the following questions:
  • How migration is affected by push and pull factors? Explain how these factors play a role in understanding new settlement patterns. (UPSC 2022, 20 marks)

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