Latitudinal gradient in species richness is an important geographic trend in biodiversity

 Question.

" The latitudinal gradient in species richness is an important geographic trend in biodiversity." Examine the statement.

( UPSC Geography optional 2024)

Answer. 

Latitudinal Gradient refers to the geographic pattern observed across the Earth where certain phenomena change gradually with latitude — that is, from the equator toward the poles.

The latitudinal gradient in species richness refers to the observed increase in biodiversity from the poles to the equator. 

This is one of the most consistent and widely recognized geographic patterns in ecology and biogeography. 

Tropical regions, particularly near the equator, support far more species than temperate or polar zones.

Reasons for the Latitudinal Gradient in Species Richness:

1. Climate Stability :

Tropical regions have had relatively stable climates over geological time scales.

This stability promotes speciation and reduces extinction rates.

2. Higher Productivity:

Equatorial regions receive more solar energy and rainfall, leading to greater primary productivity and complex food webs.

3. Longer Growing Seasons:

The absence of extreme seasonal variation allows for continuous biological activity and specialization.

4. Habitat Heterogeneity:

Tropical areas offer more microhabitats and ecological niches, supporting a greater number of species.

5. Biotic Interactions:

Stronger species interactions in the tropics (like competition and predation) may drive niche differentiation and hence higher diversity.

Examples:

1. Amazon Rainforest (South America):

It contains 10% of all known species, despite covering <5% of Earth's land surface.

2. Tropical Andes and Indo-Burma:

It is known for high endemic species and biodiversity hotspots.

3. Arctic and Antarctic regions:

It has extremely low biodiversity due to harsh climatic conditions.

Conclusion

The latitudinal gradient in species richness is a foundational concept in biodiversity studies. Understanding this gradient helps in conservation prioritization, especially in tropical regions that face high anthropogenic pressure.

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