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Institutional factors: landholdings, land tenure, and land reforms

Due to the growing population and increasing demand for food. The government of India introduced three major reforms after independence to rural economy strong and eradicate poverty.

First Phase; from 1950 to 1965;

  • Institutional Reform on landholding, land tenure, and land reforms.

Second Phase; from 1965 to 1985;

  • Agriculture technology reforms are the green revolution, the white revolution.
  • Focus on irrigation and fertilizer, and seed infrastructure.

Third phase: 1985 to present;

Comprehensive land development that includes both institutional and technical reforms.

Focus on:

  • Provision of crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire, disease
  • Establishing Gramin Bank and co-operative bank
  • Lower rate of interest
  • Kissan Credit Card( KCC)
  • Minimum Support Price(MSP)

 

Institutional factors: landholdings, land tenure, and land reforms:

  • Abolition of Zamindari System
  • Tenancy abolition and regulations acts
  • Land ceiling act

Abolition of Zamindari System:

Britishers imposed heavy taxes on Agriculture. Three systems were made to collect tax from agriculture;

  • Mahalwary System
  • Ryotwari system
  • Zamindari System

Removal of a layer of intermediaries between cultivator and state.

Positive Impacts:

  • Superior rights of Zamindar over land taken out leads to two results;
    • More than 2 lakh farmers came to direct connect with the government
    • It made India economically and politically strong.
  • Most effective and most areas of success

However, the Zamindari system did not remove landlordism and tenancy. It only removes the upper layer.

Tenancy abolition and regulations acts:

  • Tenants:
    • Cultivators who lease land from landowners.
  • Through the Tenancy Act, the landlord can not arbitrarily impost rent from tenants' farmers. There will be upper limits that were fixed by state governments.
  • Either tenancy was removed or regulated rent to give security to tenants.
  • Only Kerala and West Bengal effectively implemented Tenancy laws.

Land ceiling Act:

Imposed upper limits of the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family.

The state would take surplus land higher than ceiling limits

Not effective:

  • Many loopholes, many landlords were able to escape by diving lands to relative names
  • Benami transfer to servants
  • Some landlord divorces their wives on paper to transfer the land but continue to live with them.
  • Progress of land reforms has been uneven across the country


Present status on Landholding

As per the 10th agriculture census 2015-16;

  • 86.2 % of farmers belong to small and marginal farmers having less than 2 hectares of landholding 47.3 % of total agriculture areas of India.
  • 13.2 % of all farmer belongs to Semi-medium and a medium having land between 2 to 10 hectares owns 43.6 % of crop areas.
  • More land was fragmented between 2010-11 to 2015-16.
Try to solve the following questions:
  • Explain how the modernization of Indian agriculture is affected by unfavorable institutional factors with suitable examples. ( UPSC 2015, 200 words, 15 marks)

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